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(also anglicized as Nastaleeq; in Persian: ') is one of the main calligraphic hands used in writing the Perso-Arabic script, and traditionally the predominant style in Persian calligraphy.〔''The Cambridge History of Islam''. By P. M. Holt, et al., Cambridge University Press, 1977, ISBN 0-521-29138-0, p. 723.〕 It was developed in Iran in the 8th and 9th centuries. It is sometimes used to write Arabic-language text (where it is known as ''Taʿliq'' or ''Farsi'' and is mainly used for titles and headings), but its use has always been more popular in the Persian, Turkic, Urdu and other South Asian spheres of influence. has extensively been (and still is) practiced in Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan for written poetry and as a form of art. A less elaborate version of serves as the preferred style for writing the Kashmiri, Punjabi and Urdu, and it is often used alongside Naskh for Pashto. In Persian it is used for poetry only. was historically used for writing Ottoman Turkish, where it was known as ''tâlik''〔("The Scripts" )〕 (not to be confused with a totally different Persian style, also called ''taʿliq''; to distinguish the two, Ottomans referred to the latter as ''ta'liq-i qadim'' = old ta'liq). Nastaʿlīq is the core script of the post-Sassanid Persian writing tradition, and is equally important in the areas under its cultural influence. The languages of Afghanistan (Dari, Pashto, Uzbek, Turkmen, etc.), Pakistan (Punjabi, Urdu, Kashmiri, Saraiki, etc.), India (Urdu, Kashmiri, Rekhta), and the Turkic Uyghur language of the Chinese province of Xinjiang, rely on ''Nastaʿlīq''. Under the name ''taʿliq'' (lit. “suspending ()”), it was also beloved by Ottoman calligraphers who developed the Diwani (''divanî'') and Ruqah (''rık’a'') styles from it. is amongst the most fluid calligraphy styles for the Arabic alphabet. It has short verticals with no serifs, and long horizontal strokes. It is written using a piece of trimmed reed with a tip of , called "''qalam''" ("pen", in Arabic and Persian "قلم"), and carbon ink, named "''davat''". The nib of a ''qalam'' can be split in the middle to facilitate ink absorption. Two important forms of panels are ''Chalipa'' and ''Siah-Mashq''. A ''Chalipa'' ("cross", in Persian) panel usually consists of four diagonal hemistiches (half-lines) of poetry, clearly signifying a moral, ethical or poetic concept. ''Siah-Mashq'' ("black drill") panels, however, communicate via composition and form, rather than content. In ''Siah-Mashq'', repeating a few letters or words (sometimes even one) virtually inks the whole panel. The content is thus of less significance and not clearly accessible. == History == After the Islamic conquest of Persia, Iranians adopted the Perso-Arabic script, and the art of Persian calligraphy flourished in Iran as well as in other Islamic countries. Apparently, Mir Ali Tabrizi (14th century) developed by combining two existing scripts of and .〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.persiancalligraphy.org/Famous-Calligraphers.html )〕 Hence, it was originally called . Another theory holds that the name ''Nastaʿlīq'' means "that which abrogated (''naskh'') ''Taʿlīq''". thrived, and many prominent calligraphers contributed to its splendor and beauty. It is believed that reached its highest elegance in Mir Emad's works. The current practice of is, however, heavily based on Mirza Reza Kalhor's technique. Kalhor modified and adapted to be easily used with printing machines, which in turn helped wide dissemination of his transcripts. He also devised methods for teaching and specified clear proportional rules for it, which many could follow. The Mughal Empire used Persian as the court language during their rule over South Asia. During this time, came into widespread use in South Asia, including Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh. The influence continues to this day. In Pakistan, almost everything in Urdu is written in the script, constituting the greatest part of ''Nastaʿlīq'' usage in the world. In Hyderābād, Lucknow, and other cities in India with large Urdu-speaking populations, many street signs and such are written in alongside Devanagari, Telugu or other Indian scripts. Also, the education system in India recognises Urdu as a language of preference for students who wish to designate it as their first language, and the quality of the language training is of a high standard. The situation of in Bangladesh used to be the same as in Pakistan until 1971, when Urdu ceased to remain an official language. Today, only a few people use this form of writing in Bangladesh. is a descendant of and . Shikasta Nastaʿlīq (literally "broken ") style is a development of . 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nastaʿlīq script」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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